Learning Linux Commands

If you are a complete newbie to Linux, or if you “know enough to be dangerous,” then here are some pointers that may help.

One of the great things about Linux is that, even though the operating system is extensible through the addition of arbitrary commands, there are standards for documenting such commands. Because of these standards, not only is it easy to find out what a command does and how it works, but it’s easy to find out that these commands exist in the first place, even if you don’t know their names.

Commands About Commands:

- man — Display the manual for a command
- whatis — Display a summary of a command (rather than the entire manual)
- apropos — Display a list of commands that pertain to (are apropos to) a keyword
- whereis — Display information about the location of a command: the executable, the source code (if any), and the man pages.
- which — Display which version of a command will execute (for when there are two, or more, commands with the same name installed on the system).

MAN — In previous tips, we mentioned the MAN command. MAN stands for manual. It is the main resource for displaying the documentation (a.k.a. “man pages”) for any particular command. For example, to find out how the LS command works, you would enter

man ls

The man command brings up the first page of the manual, and then waits for navigation keystrokes. The three most commonly used navigation controls are PageUp, PageDown and the letter q (quit). Of course, man has its own man pages.

man man

WHATIS — The whatis command is actually an alias for using the man command with the -f switch (and -f is shorthand for –whatis). So, all of the following are equivalent.

whatis ls
man -f ls
man –whatis ls

Hackers Target QuickTime and WinZip

Although it seem unlikely virus writers and hackers are going to give up looking for and attempting to exploit loopholes in Microsoft products, it seems some of them may be turning their attention to other popular applications. According to security experts at Symantec the defences on one of its PC’s, used as bait to attract and trap virus writers, was breached through known vulnerabilities in Apple QuickTime and WinZip.

These popular applications are installed on a very high proportion of PCs, and although the security holes have been known about for some time, it wasn’t thought they were being actively exploited. The attacks were carried out through dodgy websites, designed to resemble trusted bank and credit card sites. PC users are being lured onto them through links in Spam messages The sites were laced with a range of malicious hacking tools and unsuspecting. Patches and fixes for these problems are available and users are advised to make sure their software is kept up to date.

IE7 Update Doesn’t Work For Some PCs

Some users aren’t able to use Internet Explorer 7 (IE7) after installing this month’s six-bug patch, the Microsoft Corp. security team acknowledged late Wednesday as it published a work-around for the problem.

“The issue here is that after applying the update, these users may then see the ‘File Download Security Warning’ dialog box raised when starting IE,” said Christopher Budd, a program manager with the Microsoft Security Response Team in a blog post. “After you close the dialog, you then cannot start IE.”

According to Budd, the dialog box appears only on machines where the Temporary Internet Files directory, which is used as IE’s cache folder, has been moved. IE will not have the proper access rights to the folder in its new location and so will throw up the warning and refuse to run.

Although the IE team said it’s looking into the behavior, the MSRC has generated a support document with two work-arounds that users can apply to fix the problem. The first work-around is to simply return the cache folder to its previous, default location; the second is to grant the required permissions to the folder in its new location.

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